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- Grade 10 Geography
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- Units 12, 13, 14
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- Essay - Effects of Dam Building
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- Many people have already dammed a small stream using sticks and mud by the
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- time they become adults. Humans have used dams since early civilization,
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- because four-thousand years ago they became aware that floods and droughts
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- affected their well-being and so they began to build dams to protect
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- themselves from these effects.1 The basic principles of dams still apply today
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- as they did before; a dam must prevent water from being passed. Since then,
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- people have been continuing to build and perfect these structures, not knowing
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- the full intensity of their side effects. The hindering effects of dams on
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- humans and their environment heavily outweigh the beneficial ones. The
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- paragraphs below will prove that the construction and presence of dams always
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- has and will continue to leave devastating effects on the environment around
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- them.
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- Firstly, to understand the thesis people must know what dams are. A dam is
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- a barrier built across a water course to hold back or control water flow. Dams
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- are classified as either storage, diversion or detention. As you could
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- probably notice from it's name, storage dams are created to collect or hold
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- water for periods of time when there is a surplus supply. The water is then
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- used when there is a lack of supply. For example many small dams impound water
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- in the spring, for use in the summer dry months. Storage dams also supply a
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- water supply, or an improved habitat for fish and wildlife; they may store
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- water for hydroelectricity as well.2
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- A diversion dam is a generation of a commonly constructed dam which is
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- built to provide sufficient water pressure for pushing water into ditches,
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- canals or other systems. These dams, which are normally shorter than storage
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- dams are used for irrigation developments and for diversion the of water from
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- a stream to a reservoir. Diversion dams are mainly built to lessen the effects
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- of floods and to trap sediment.3
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- Overflow dams are designed to carry water which flow over thier crests,
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- because of this they must be made of materials which do not erode. Non-
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- overflow dams are built not to be overtopped, and they may include earth or
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- rock in their body. Often, two types of these dams are combined to form a
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- composite structure consisting of for example an overflow concrete gravity
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- dam, the water that overflows into dikes of earthfill construction.4
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- A dam's primary function is to trap water for irrigation. Dams help to
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- decrease the severity of droughts, increase agricultural production, and
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- create new lands for agricultural use. Farmland, however, has it's price;
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- river bottomlands flooded, defacing the fertility of the soil. This
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- agricultural land may also result in a loss of natural artifacts. Recently in
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- Tasmania where has been pressure from the government to abandon the Franklin
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- project which would consume up to 530 sq miles of land listed on the UN World
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- Heritage register. In the land losses whole communties must leave everything
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- and start again elsewhere.5
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- The James's Bay Hydroelectric project, hailed to be one of the most
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- ambitious North American undertaking of dams was another example of the lands
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- that may be lost. The 12.7 billion scheme was to generate 3 160 megawatts of
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- electricity a day, this power output would be enough to serve a city of
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- 700 000! One of the largest problems with this dam, is that it would be built
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- on a region that meant a lot to 10 500 Cree and 7 000 Inuit. Lands that their
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- ancestors have hunted and lived on for more than 5 000 years will be flooded
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- along with 90% of their trapping lines.6 If this happened these people must
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- resettle, find a new way of life and face the destruction of a piece of their
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- heritage if this project is approved.
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- When a dam is being constructed, the river where it is supposed to be
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- built on must be drained. This kills much of the life and disrupts the
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- ecosystem and peaceful being of all the aquatic and terrestrial animals around
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- it. At fisheries there is a large impact on the fish. The famous Columbia
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- River saw it's stock of salmon drop considerably after the dams were built,
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- although there were fish ladders built. The salmon were unable to swim
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- upstream when it was time for breeding as they usually did.7
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- But perhaps it is the plans for the Amazon Basin in Brazil that shows us
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- how large the side-effects can be. In the city Surinam, in northern Brazil,
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- Lake Brokopondo was created in 1864 swamping about 580 square miles of virgin
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- rainforest. Foul smelling gas called hydrogen sulfide was produced as the
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- trees decomposed. The turbine casings were attacked by the acidic water and
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- the decay of water allowed a chance for hyacinths to float on the surface.
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- This did not allow the light to shine through to the water onto the plants
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- which the fish feeded on. The plants were unable to perform photosynthesis,
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- and the fish died also because there was a lack of food. In the lack of sun
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- the waterweeds grew and threaten to create diseases such as malaria, where the
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- whole lake's ecosystem would die out.8 Many little animals and plants which
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- were never discoved and may have had high economic value were to be lost
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- forever.
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- There remains a problem with reservoirs which to date hasn't been solved
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- yet. A reservoir is a to store water, mainly for hydroelectric power or
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- irrigation. Nearly 10 000 caribou drowned while crossing the inflated
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- Caniapiscau River in September 1984, because of these reserviors. The heavy
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- rainfall created enough water to overtop the structure and caused extra
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- amounts of spillages in the reservoir. The water flooded the river while the
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- caribou were literally submerged.9
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- The Colarado River, known as the most litigated, controlled and lesgislated
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- river in the world. People who used to raft there now say it is very insafe
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- because of the fluctuating surges of water meant to accomodate when the people
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- use most energy. What was fresh water is now being converted to salty water
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- because of these reservoirs. The water standing in the reservoir evaporates
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- when not used and the rest of the water becomes more salty.10
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- There is another theory that dams are causing earthquakes, when these large
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- structures are placed with the mass of the unnatural weight of the lake near
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- it, this disrupts the Earth's surface and is a new precaution where before it
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- was never heard of. Many people say that dams protect people from natural
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- disasters, but there are some which it can intensify. For instance if an
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- Earthquake happens then, along with cracks in the ground, buildings falling,
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- there would also be a flood and large pieces of the broken dam to cope with.11
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- Dams are harming the environment that people live in. What was being hailed
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- as great accomplishments are now showing signs of great consquence. The
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- preservation of our environment is the key to the preservation of people. We
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- cannot exchange money for the deterioration of our own animals, plants and
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- land. The is the environmental age and humans must respond by changing their
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- ways and looking at the long-term prospect instead of the short-term. Until we
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- as the users and protectors of the land can do this, future of our great human
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- civilization will continue to look grim.
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